Why Does The Middle East Have Very Abundant Oil Reserves?

Why Does The Middle East Have Very Abundant Oil Reserves? 

Tahbrontak - The Middle East has lots of oil wells. This makes some of the Arab countries the richest in the world. The Middle East is the region west of India and east of the Mediterranean Sea. The Middle East also includes the Arabian Peninsula and parts of North Africa. 

Most of the geographical contours of the Middle East consist of deserts and dry land. Most Middle East countries, like Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Iran, Syria. Obtaining primary income or foreign currency from oil extraction. Because oil reserves in Arab countries are very large and abundant. This means that almost 48% of the world's oil reserves are stored in Middle East sediments.

As mentioned on February 19, 2021 on Ayomalang.com by Professor Kardus's Youtube channel, this is due to the formation of world petroleum, starting from the diagenetic process of ancient animals to elements of plants and animals. This is because all plant and animal elements contain dead animal fats and fats. 

Also, most of the oil from Arabian soil is made from animal components such as sea algae, microplankton, bacterioplankton, and small animals. That's because the Middle East was under the sea hundreds of millions of years ago. Oceans existed 400 million to 60 million years ago, from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic. 

During these hundreds of millions of years, dead marine microbes have settled, buried beneath the ocean floor, and deposited in rocks rich in animal minerals. And through sediment deposits that lasted 350 million years, organic sediments in the Middle East are thick and abundant.

Natural diagenesis, or the change from physical to chemical form due to soil pressure and temperature. Because of this, the precipitated microorganisms turn into petroleum. However, once formed, it took a very long time for the ancient seafloor to recede due to tectonic activity before being uplifted. 

About 20 million years ago, the movement of the Miocene tectonic plates across the Arabian Peninsula brought much of the desert and arid plains to Arabia. Because it was on the seabed that was uplifted in the Miocene. Thus, all the ancient animals found in Arabia are mostly sea creatures. For this reason, the Middle East has 48.3% of the world's oil reserves.

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THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM OIL THAT GIVES MANY BENEFITS

THE ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM OIL THAT GIVES MANY BENEFITS

Tahbrontak - Petroleum is a fossil fuel, which is derived from fossils or the remains of living organisms that died. The remains of organisms such as plants, algae, plankton, and other living things that drift into the sea and then drown. The remains of these living organisms then accumulated on the ancient seabed, buried and formed organic sediments.

In this state there is no oxygen in the sediment. Crude oil, or what is commonly called petroleum, consists of organic matter that mostly settles as sediment on the ocean floor. These sediments then decompose and change over millions of years. If the area has the appropriate combination of source rock, reservoir rock, cap and trap rock, oil and gas deposits may be found there. 

Most of the oil and gas reserves come from thick layers of black clay that lie beneath the seabed. Black clay is a host rock, meaning it accumulates significant amounts of organic residues. Clay was deposited on the ocean floor about 150 million years ago, covering most of what is now northwestern Europe. Most of the ocean floor is dead and submerged, while the upper layers of the water are teeming with life. 

When microscopic phytoplankton die, they sink to the bottom and accumulate in large numbers in anorexic sediments. Over time, they are buried deeper and undergo a long process of chemical transformation through the decomposition and maturation of bacteria under the thickened sediment layer. This creates liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in the source rock. This is where the initial oil is formed and then refined into fuel that we use every day.

Reporting from Energy Education, it is estimated that the reserves of petroleum in the world are:

• 70 percent formed in the Mesozoic Age (252 to 66 million years ago) 

• 20 percent formed in the Cenozoic Age (65 million years ago) 

• 10 percent formed in the Paleozoic Age (541 to 252 million years ago)

BENEFITS OF PETROLEUM OIL 

The question of the origin of oil has been answered, now it is our turn to explain the benefits of oil for human life. 

According to Detik.com, oil can be used as vehicle fuel, building materials, fiber raw materials, sources of LPG, household appliances, mixtures of medical materials and electronic devices. 

In addition, this oil can also be used as raw material for cosmetics, agriculture and even power generation. How do you understand where petroleum comes from and its benefits? Hopefully useful, yes..!

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Saudi Aramco is The Most Valuable Company In The World

Saudi Arabian oil and gas company Saudi Aramco will again become the most valuable company in the world in 2022. This condition is inseparable from the decline in technology company shares due to selling by investors. 

Tahbrontak - As reported, Saudi Aramco is the most valuable company in the world with a valuation of US $2.42 trillion or around IDR 35,266.6 trillion. Previously, Saudi Aramco's valuation has been lost to technology company Apple Inc. in the last two years. 

But due to a 5 percent decline in Apple's stock, the company's valuation is now only US$2.37 trillion. In addition to the ongoing weakening in the technology sector, Saudi Aramco also benefited from the soaring prices of various commodities due to sanctions received by Russia for invading Ukraine.

For the third quarter of this year, Saudi Aramco will not change its $18.8 billion dividend. The additional profits will be used to develop Saudi Aramco's business. Due to global market volatility and economic uncertainty, the results obtained in the first half of this year, strengthens the desire to invest to keep global market needs met as the energy transition progresses, said Saudi Aramco president and CEO Amin Nasser.

Like Saudi Aramco, global oil companies such as ExxonMobil, Chevron, and BP have also managed to record significant additions to profits this year.

Saudi Arabian oil company Saudi Aramco on Thursday (17/11/2022) announced plans to invest US$7 billion, or around Rp109.7 trillion, to develop a petrochemical plant in Ulsan, South Korea.

As reported by Reuters, the project, named Shaheen, will be Saudi Aramco's largest investment in Asia and will produce the largest petrochemical plant in the world. Saudi Aramco owns 63 percent of South Korean oil company S-Oil. 

Development of the new factory will begin in 2023 and is projected to be completed in 2026. The factory will have a production capacity of 3.2 million tons per year and be equipped with facilities to produce high-value polymers. According to Amin Nasser, CEO of Saudi Aramco, the development of the petrochemical plant is in anticipation of increasing consumption in Asian countries.

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Fujiyama: The Sacred Mountain of the Japanese People

Mount Fuji Icon of Japan - You haven't been to Japan if you haven't visited this mountain which is the symbol of Japan. Standing at 3,765 meters, Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan, located on the border of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures west of Tokyo near the Pacific coast of the island of Honshu. Mount Fuji is thought to have formed about 10,000 years ago and is still active today although it has a low probability of eruption. Mount Fuji last erupted in 1707–1708.

Mount Fuji is said to be the abode of several gods and goddesses. Because of that, this tourist spot is considered sacred. It is said that a woman was strictly forbidden to climb this mountain because the Goddess of Mount Fuji would be jealous. Besides having a goddess, Mount Fuji also has a creature called Sokou. Sokou is said to have four tails and spread poison gas around his body. Initially, Sokou is a rooster and a snake in love. However, due to the influence of the air and poison in the mountains, the two animals merged and became larger. Because it was dangerous, a demonologist named Yamazaki Ishiro locked Sokou into the god's tool Netted Moon Cage at the base of Mount Fuji, Japan. Until now, there are still Japanese people who think that the eruption on Mount Fuji was caused by Sokou's snoring while sleeping.

Mount Fujiyama is one of the most popular tourist destinations for foreign tourists in the Land of the Rising Sun, Japan. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in Japan, located on the border of Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefectures, west of Tokyo. Mount Fuji is located near the Pacific coast in central Honshu. Fuji is surrounded by three cities namely Gotemba (east), Fuji-Yoshida (north) and Fujinomiya (southwest). The 3,776 m high mountain is also surrounded by five lakes, namely Kawaguchi, Yamanaka, Sai, Motosu and Shoji. 

Mount Fuji is a well-known symbol of Japan and is frequently depicted in artwork and photographs, and is visited by mountaineers and tourists alike. Mount Fuji is thought to have formed about 10,000 years ago. A volcano that is still active today although it has a low probability of eruption, Fuji last erupted in 1707. There are five lakes around Fuji, namely Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Motosu and Lake Shoji. 

About 200,000 people climb Mount Fuji every year, 30% of whom are foreigners. The most popular deadline for climbers is from July 1 to August 27. The hike can take from 3 to 7 hours while the descent takes around 2 to 5 hours.

Most Japanese people regard Mount Fuji as a sacred mountain and a national symbol of Japan. Mount Fuji is about 3,776 m above sea level and is located on the island of Honshu near the Pacific coast and west of Tokyo.

This symbol of Japan has been considered sacred since the time of the Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan. In addition, this mountain which is classified as a stratovolcano is also sacred to Buddhists and Shintoists. Uniquely, this mountain has been registered as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2013.

The Mystery of Mount Fujiyama 

Mount Fujiyama holds a mystery that is quite scary. This is because the mountain is known as one of the favorite locations for those who want to end their life or commit suicide. It is known from the data, that every year no less than 100 bodies are found in that place. Because of this phenomenon, the government and local organizations also took action.

Among other things, by making writing that is easy to read for everyone who enters the Mount Fujiyama area. In that article, everyone is encouraged to think clearly before deciding to end their life on Mount Fujiyama. Why did they plan to end their lives there? a mystery that has not been answered until now.

Mount Fuji Tokyo is a World Tourist Destination 

Mount Fuji is a popular tourist spot among foreign tourists because of its beauty, so many people come to this mountain. One of the highest peaks in Tokyo with an altitude of 3,776 m and the only highest mountain in Japan. When the climbing season comes, many foreign tourists visit and climb this peak. 

So it's no wonder that this mountain is famous and almost the whole world visits it because your vacation in Tokyo will not be complete if you don't visit Mount Fuji. The best time to visit Mount Fuji in Tokyo. The right time to visit this peak is in the coming winter from November to February. You can also visit this mountain in summer around June to August. 

Because you will enjoy sunny and beautiful weather on this one mountain. To enjoy the natural scenery of Mount Fuji, you should visit it in the morning. It doesn't stop there on this mountain, in mid-April and May you will witness the Fuji Shibazakura Festival where the base of this peak will be covered with a number of pink moss.

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The Best Meditation Places on the Island of Bali

Tahbrontak - The paradise of meditation is the island of Bali. Apart from having many great tourist spots, Bali also has some of the best meditation spots in Indonesia.

1. Ubud Yoga House 

This place is located away from the crowds and hidden among the rice fields. Ubud Yoga House is an intimate and serene yoga studio in the Abangan area. 

The place is clean, stylish, and offers high-quality amenities. Visitors also have great views and serenity. Everyone has a private space to practice. Small classes make things more personal, and they finish early so the teacher can give each person individual attention and guidance.

2. Sunset Yoga 

Sunset is the perfect time to meditate. You can also enjoy the view of Bali at sunset. The place is located in Niti Mandala Renon, Bali. 

It is called Sunset Yoga because this practice lasts from 17:00 to 18:00. For this reason, sunset yoga is ideal for people who work alone during the day. 

3. Yoga Woosky

This place is considered one of the best places to meditate in Bali. She offers a 75-minute yoga class every Saturday morning, from 07:15 to 20:15, followed by a 60-minute Sunset Yoga session every Sunday night, from 17:00 to 18:00. 

Yoga classes are held on the roof of Woosky. It offers a stunning view of the lush Balinese palm trees while enjoying the sea breeze and waves. Customers have to pay a price of about US$15.

4. Gudang Yoga 

The yoga camp is located on Jalan Raya Pengosekan in Ubud, Bali. The location of this place is easy to find and provide you with the best meditation services. 

Gudang yoga offers a cool atmosphere like a rice field and offers serenity that is suitable for relaxation yoga and self-meditation. Moreover, the wooden atmosphere refreshes your spirits, as you feel close to nature. 

5. Sanur Sunrise

It's different from Sunset Yoga, because this exercise is done in the morning. In the morning at Sanur Bali Beach, every 07.00 to 20.00 you will see the sunrise right in front of Inna Grand Bali Beach Hotel. 

Unlike the others, this meditation practice is accompanied by musical instruments and the sound of waves on the beach. It can make your heart peaceful and fatigue will disappear. Yoga movements such as Hatha, Astanga, Vinyasa Yoga will help your body become more supple.

6. Desa Seni Village Resort 

Located on Jl. Subak Sari 13, Berawa Beach, Canggu, Bali, is one of the selected resorts that offers yoga camp facilities. Customers can customize whether they do group or private activities, guided by experienced instructors. 

Don't forget that a quiet village atmosphere helps create inner peace. Yoga movements in the form of breathing techniques are said to be able to cure diseases. You must book in advance to secure a seat at the station of your choice for this meditation site. 

7. Yoga at Prana Spa 

One of the best spas in Seminyak offers up to three different classes per day. You will be spoiled for choice and the very best mix of yoga and massage. 

Designed with strong influences from exotic Indian and Middle Eastern architecture, Prana Spa surrounds your gym with beautiful interiors, not a nameless studio. Taking part in one of the best yoga classes in Bali in this beautiful environment is definitely an extraordinary experience.

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In 2023 it is predicted that there will be a global recession. What caused it?

In 2023 it is predicted that there will be a global recession. What caused it??

Tahbrontak - The forecast for 2023, which is marked by a global recession, has recently become a topic of discussion. This prediction itself comes from the report of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to combat the cost of living crisis which was published on October 11, 2022. The report predicts global growth will slow down to 2.7 percent in 2023 from 3.2 percent in 2022. 

According to Tempo, the sectors most affected are the financial sector and sectors that depend on export activities. According to Minister of Finance Sri Mulyani, this prediction is not meant to frighten, but rather to inspire. Even with predictions of an economic recession next year, it's better to be prepared than to be too scared. Getting through a difficult 2020 can better prepare us for the projected 2023 recession. 

So, if a recession is real, what impact will it have? If exports falter, exporters will feel the impact. The cause of the recession in 2023 will be high inflation and prime interest rates, which are also rising with high energy and food prices. If demand is low, the company's sales may be affected. To reduce costs, companies usually cut wages or lay off employees (HK). Purchasing power and quality of life of people decreased and poverty increased. 

Minister of Finance Sri Mulyani predicts that there will be four countries safe from the threat of recession in 2023. They are Indonesia, India, Brazil and Mexico. According to him, world economic conditions are putting pressure on developing countries, but conditions in these countries are better than those in developed countries.

Meanwhile, countries such as the United States, Britain, Europe and China are said to find it difficult to avoid a recession. This is because high inflation soared in the country and made monetary policy tighten. This is reflected in the global economic outlook, which is predicted to slow down to only 2.7 percent in 2023. 

This slump is mainly influenced by the economic downturn in the US and European countries. The European economy is estimated to be low or shrink 1.2 percent in 2023. This is due to high inflation due to rising prices. 

Likewise, China is also considered difficult to avoid a recession. Moreover, the government has implemented several lockdowns which have made the economy even worse. China's economy in the second quarter of 2022 only grew 0.4 percent (year on year/yoy). This was recorded as the worst economic performance in the last two years, and in the third quarter of 2022 it is expected to remain low. 

The world economy is expected to enter a recession in 2023 due to the continuing increase in interest rates aimed at reducing inflation. According to research by the Center for Economics and Business Research (CEBR), a high interest rate policy will cause a number of economies to experience a contraction, so that the world will face a recession. 

In the annual World Economic League Table released by the British consultancy, the global economy will surpass US$100 trillion for the first time in 2022. That will stall in 2023 as central banks must still struggle to tame inflation. "It looks like the world economy will face a recession next year due to rising interest rates," said Kay Daniel Neufeld, Director and Head of Projections at CEBR as quoted by Bloomberg, Monday (26/12). 

Although interest rates have soared, the battle to tame inflation has not been won. CEBR assesses the cost of bringing inflation down to a safer level is the worse growth prospects for the next few years. The CEBR report is more pessimistic than the latest estimates from the IMF. This institution last October warned that a third of the world's economy would contract next year and 25% had the opportunity to grow below 2%. It is defined as a global recession.

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Why the price of Indonesian rice more expensive than international?

Why is the price of Indonesian rice more expensive than international?

Retail rice prices in Indonesia have consistently been the highest compared to other ASEAN countries for the past 10 years. This was explained in December 2022 in the World Bank's Indonesian Economic Outlook (IEP) report. 

The price of rice in Indonesia is 28 percent higher than the price of rice in the Philippines, the price is even double the price of rice in Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar and Thailand," VOA said on Tuesday (12/20/2022), citing to a  World Bank report. 

The high price of Indonesian  rice is due to a number of factors, most notably government policies supporting farmers' market prices, according to the World Bank. 

This practice includes trade restrictions. For example, import trade, quantitative restrictions, BUMN import monopolies for important raw materials and other non-trade-related measures and (political) minimum purchase prices at company level. 

The World Bank further explained that another factor contributing to  high  rice prices in Indonesia is the lack of long-term investment in human capital.

Long supply chains and high distribution costs in parts of Indonesia due to relatively difficult geographic conditions are also affecting rice prices. The World Bank report also found that the high price of rice contributed to the country's inflation. The price issue is the main reason why Indonesian rice cannot compete with neighboring countries like Vietnam and Thailand. 

In fact, the difference between the domestic rice prices in the two countries is about IDR 2,900/kg. Based on  international rice prices reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the international price for low-grade export rice (25% spoiled white rice variety) from Thailand is around IDR 5395 (June 2019 data). ).So the price of rice of the same quality from Vietnam is around IDR 532/kg. 

According to the National Center for Strategic Food Price Information, the cheapest domestic rice price in the DKI  area of ​​Jakarta is currently IDR 8,200/kg. The high price of Indonesian rice compared to other countries is due to several main factors. Firstly, the production factor, because rice is still produced conventionally. 

This refers to the ownership of paddy fields by smallholders, leading to inefficiency in  when the latest agricultural technology is used in rice production, which then leads to a high price for native rice."Why traditional? Because the land is narrow. So why is the land narrow? Because the initial selling price doesn't cover the cost of production. So  these farmers don't develop because the land is narrow before.

The problem of land tenure has also kept the price of rice high in the country. Institute of Economics and Finance (INDEF) food monitor Rusli Abdullah said most Indonesian farmers are classified as smallholders or farmers who own or lease agricultural land of less than 0.5 hectares. Then he also mentioned the problem of farm workers, whose wages are quite high. 

The younger generation's lack of interest in becoming farmers forces many paddy field owners to pay wages to the workers."So there is a labor force problem. Farmers are aging, the labor force is declining, young people don't want to become farmers. 

There are  fewer farmers, and the demand for farm labor is high. The transaction has been this year, making labor prices more expensive. Now, rice field workers in rural areas are paid between 50,000-70,000 IDR  per day, so it is difficult for us to export due to high prices in Indonesia.

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Best Destinations in Asia for New Year 2023 Celebrations

Best Destinations in Asia for New Year 2023 Celebrations. 

The new year signifies new hopes and certainly better than the previous year. That is why the new year is greeted with great fanfare in various parts of the world. For those of you who want to feel the atmosphere of a different New Year's celebration from the city where you live, just come to one of the seven best destinations in Asia for the following New Year's celebrations:

Dubai, UEA

Everything related to Dubai is cool. Not just really cool, but incredibly cool. At least once in your life you should visit Dubai. If you can visit Dubai before the new year, you should be grateful for that. Dubai offers a fireworks display which is said to be the greatest in the world. Not only fireworks, Dubai also has other New Year's celebration events that will probably bore you.

Osaka, Japan

If you like New Year's celebrations done in a more traditional way, then Osaka is a must-go destination for you. Even though there was a fireworks display, the fireworks display was not up to par. New Year's celebrations in Osaka are quieter because residents prefer to visit places of worship.

Singapore

Singapore is a very small country but very spectacular, and most importantly, Singaporeans take the New Year very seriously. The fireworks shows are mesmerizing, the concerts and parties are also fun to attend.

Bali, Indonesia

The center of entertainment in Bali is in Kuta. In Kuta you can see that there are lots of festive parties to welcome new beginnings. Join the flock of young people to feel their optimism.

Chiang Mai, Thailand

Thailand is one of the countries in Asia which is a favorite destination for foreign tourists. Visiting Thailand before the new year is certainly very crowded, but Thailand still has its own allure. Chiang Mai is our city of choice if you want to celebrate New Year in Thailand. The parties that were thrown were absolutely insane. If you don't really like parties, you can take part in local religious rituals to welcome the new year.

Goa, India

If you want to go to India to see how its people celebrate the new year, go to Goa. Goa has everything anyone needs. If you are a party fan, come to the northern part of Goa. But if you like a calm and peaceful atmosphere, come to the southern part of Goa.

Manila, Philipine

What's great about Manila, which is the capital of the Philippines, is that it can be anything you need. If you want to experience a classy new year celebration, you can find it. If you want to experience a simple new year celebration, you can find that too. Manila provides many locations that offer the enjoyment of entertainment and local culture.

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